How  will 
artificial intelligence
change our future?
ServicesData preprocessing solutions
What is data cleaning?
Quick links
When we’re performing data preprocessing on your knowledge base, data cleaning (or data cleansing, or data scrubbing) is an important step. We don’t want to feed bad info into an artificial intelligence system. Data cleaning ensures that the AI is getting the best information so it can deliver the best outputs.

What is data cleaning in data preprocessing?

By Jacob Andra / Published July 10, 2024 
Last Updated: July 22, 2024

When we’re performing data preprocessing on your knowledge base, data cleaning (or data cleansing, or data scrubbing) is an important step. We don’t want to feed bad info into an artificial intelligence system. Data cleaning ensures that the AI is getting the best information so it can deliver the best outputs. 

Key takeaways
Data preprocessing involves getting your documents and other media in order
Data cleaning is one of the most critical aspects of data preprocessing
Data cleaning helps you get better results from your AI system
Data cleaning is a tedious but necessary process
Don’t skimp on data cleaning or you’ll regret it later

What is the purpose of data cleaning?

In the context of enterprise AI implementation, data preprocessing involves getting all of an organization’s knowledge base ready for AI ingestion. 

Data cleaning is a crucial component of data preprocessing. It lays the foundation for efficient AI querying, accurate results, and overall better performance. Think of it like priming the walls before painting: skip it, and your paint will look terrible. 

There are many different use cases for enterprise AI implementation, and most of them center around the efficiencies gained from having an internal AI expert that can be queried. Whether this AI takes the form of a RAG system, a fine-tuned LLM, or any other instantiation of generative AI, the starting point is the same: relevant documents and media need to be optimized for maximum intelligibility to the AI. 

Data cleaning is how we prepare your knowledge base to be parsed by the AI system.

Data cleaning basics

At a very basic level, data cleansing is the manipulation or editing of documents and media to resolve inaccuracies, omissions, mistakes, and duplicate content. It also involves the pruning down of content to that which is essential for the AI to understand.  

Here are the “3 C’s” of data cleaning:

  1. Complete: we want to avoid missing data. We fill in incomplete information and ensure that the right metadata is present.
  2. Consistent: we want to make sure that data collected at the beginning of the preparation process matches data at the end (both in semantics and scope). Consistency is key to maintaining data integrity across your knowledge base.
  3. Correct: we identify and address outliers and duplicates. Duplicate records can cause incorrect calculations and can impact AI model accuracy, so we remove or consolidate them. Outliers may not be relevant to your objectives, so we identify them and assess accordingly.

Data cleaning steps

Examples of how data cleaning prepares the way for effective AI implementation

Here are our basic steps to effective data cleaning as a part of document preparation:

  1. Standardize data formatting: we assess the quality of your knowledge base by checking for missing values, incorrect values, and inconsistencies in format. We make the necessary corrections and formatting changes to standardize your documents and media for AI ingestion.
  2. Remove irrelevant or duplicate data: we identify and remove irrelevant data and consolidate duplicate entries. This streamlines your knowledge base and improves the accuracy of AI models.
  3. Fix structural errors: we address issues such as odd naming conventions, typos, inconsistent capitalization, and other structural problems that can lead to data inconsistencies. This ensures a clean and uniform dataset for AI processing.
  4. Handle missing data: we identify incomplete data points in your knowledge base and determine how to address them. This may involve filling in missing values where possible, or deciding whether to exclude incomplete records.
  5. Validate data accuracy: we check that the data in your knowledge base is correct and reliable by cross-checking with trusted sources, using data validation tools, or conducting manual verification where necessary. This builds a trustworthy foundation for AI decision-making.

These steps form a systematic approach to cleaning data and preparing it for AI ingestion. Data cleaning is an iterative process, and we may need to revisit these steps multiple times to achieve high-quality, usable data.

Data cleaning best practices

Each use case and knowledge base is different, so we take an open-ended, flexible approach to data preprocessing and cleaning. Here are some general guidelines and best practices we follow in the data cleansing process:

  • Define clear data quality standards: we establish specific criteria for clean data tailored to AI ingestion, including accuracy, timeliness, completeness, consistency, validity, and uniformity. This ensures the AI models receive high-quality input for better performance.
  • Develop a comprehensive data cleaning plan: we create a structured approach for preparing documents for AI ingestion. This includes steps such as removing unwanted observations, unifying data structures, standardizing formats, fixing cross-set errors, syntax errors, and typographical errors, and validating the results.
  • Standardize data formats: we ensure consistency across your knowledge base by standardizing formats for dates, currencies, and units of measurement. This helps the AI system interpret and process the data accurately.
  • Remove duplicate records: we identify and eliminate duplicate entries to improve data accuracy and prevent skewed analysis results. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of AI model training and inference.
  • Handle missing data: we address incomplete data points by filling in missing values where possible or deciding whether to exclude incomplete records. This ensures the AI has comprehensive and reliable data for processing.
  • Validate data accuracy: we cross-check data with reliable sources to ensure correctness and reliability. Accurate data is essential for building trustworthy AI models.
  • Document the cleaning process: we keep track of all cleaning operations performed, allowing for easy modification, repetition, or removal of specific steps as needed. This documentation ensures transparency and reproducibility in the data preparation process.
  • Prioritize data accuracy and consistency: we maintain high-quality data to build trust in both the data and the team responsible for it. Accurate and consistent data enhances the performance and reliability of AI applications.

By following these best practices, we help your organization create a clean, consistent knowledge base that is maximally intelligible to your AI instance.

Data cleaning examples

Here are ten examples of how data cleaning prepares the way for effective AI implementation. 

Standardizing date formats in financial reports

  • Industry: finance
  • Scenario: a bank is preparing its historical financial reports for AI analysis to predict market trends.
  • Issue: the reports contain dates in different formats (e.g., "MM/DD/YYYY," "DD-MM-YYYY," "YYYY/MM/DD").
  • Solution: convert all dates to a single standard format (e.g., "YYYY/MM/DD") to ensure consistency.
  • Implementation: use a data cleaning tool to identify and reformat dates across all financial reports.

Removing duplicate patient records

  • Industry: healthcare
  • Scenario: a hospital is consolidating patient data from multiple departments for an AI system to improve patient care.
  • Issue: duplicate patient records exist due to data entry from different departments.
  • Solution: identify and remove duplicate records to ensure each patient has a unique entry.

Handling missing values in customer reviews

  • Industry: retail
  • Scenario: an e-commerce company is preparing customer reviews for sentiment analysis to improve product recommendations.
  • Issue: some reviews lack ratings, which are crucial for sentiment analysis.
  • Solution: impute missing ratings using the average rating of other reviews from the same customer, or flag these records for exclusion.

Correcting inconsistent product names

  • Industry: retail
  • Scenario: an online marketplace is standardizing product data for an AI recommendation engine.
  • Issue: product names are inconsistently labeled (e.g., "laptop," "Laptop," "LAPTOP").
  • Solution: normalize product names to a consistent format (e.g., all lowercase).

Validating data accuracy in sales records

  • Industry: retail
  • Scenario: a retail chain is preparing sales data for an AI-driven inventory management system.
  • Issue: sales records contain incorrect entries due to manual data entry errors, such as negative sales amounts.
  • Solution: cross-check sales data with financial records and correct any discrepancies.

Unifying data structures in customer information

  • Industry: telecommunications
  • Scenario: a telecom company is integrating customer data from multiple sources to enhance its AI-driven customer experience initiative.
  • Issue: customer data is stored in different formats across multiple systems.
  • Solution: unify data structures to ensure all customer information follows a consistent format.

Fixing cross-set errors in supply chain data

  • Industry: manufacturing
  • Scenario: a manufacturing company is preparing supply chain data for an AI optimization tool.
  • Issue: inconsistencies exist between inventory records and shipment logs.
  • Solution: identify and correct cross-set errors to ensure data consistency across different datasets.

Removing irrelevant data in marketing campaigns

  • Industry: advertising
  • Scenario: an advertising agency is preparing data from past marketing campaigns for AI analysis.
  • Issue: the dataset contains irrelevant information, such as outdated campaign details.
  • Solution: identify and remove irrelevant data to streamline the dataset.

Standardizing measurement units in research data

  • Industry: pharmaceuticals
  • Scenario: a pharmaceutical company is preparing research data for AI-driven drug discovery.
  • Issue: measurement units are inconsistent across different studies.
  • Solution: standardize all measurement units to a single format.

Addressing inconsistent data entry in customer support logs

  • Industry: IT services
  • Scenario: an IT service provider is preparing customer support logs for an AI-powered support ticket system.
  • Issue: inconsistent data entry practices lead to varied formats for the same type of information.
  • Solution: standardize data entry fields and formats to ensure uniformity.
A robot and a human in a laboratory, implying that they are cleaning data together. What is data cleaning in data preprocessing?

Need help with data cleansing?

If you need help with data cleaning or any other aspect of data preprocessing and document prep, schedule a free consultation to learn how we can solve your problems. Or, check out our service offerings for the full scope of our offerings.

Work with Talbot West

Data cleansing FAQ

Data cleansing and data cleaning have slightly different focuses in the context of machine learning and neural networks. 

  • Data cleaning focuses on fixing specific errors such as removing duplicates, correcting typographical errors, and handling missing data to make the dataset usable and reliable.
  • Data cleansing encompasses data cleaning but goes further to enhance overall data quality, including validating data against standards, ensuring consistency, and enriching data for specific uses.

For purposes of document preparation, we use the terms interchangeably. 

After data cleaning, we may need to perform other methodologies to your knowledge base. These include, but are not limited to, the following:

Once the entire data preprocessing task is completed, your knowledge base is ready for AI ingestion.

Here are some top tools that can aid in the data cleansing process:

  1. OpenRefine:
    • Description: a powerful tool for working with messy data, it offers functionalities for cleaning and transforming data.
    • Features: data exploration, transformation, and reconciliation with external data sources. Ideal for standardizing formats and correcting inconsistencies.
    • Best for: handling large datasets with complex data transformation needs.
  2. Trifacta Wrangler:
    • Description: an advanced data preparation tool that leverages machine learning to suggest data cleaning and transformation steps.
    • Features: automated data cleaning, visual data profiling, and integration with various data sources.
    • Best for: enterprises looking for a user-friendly interface with robust automation capabilities for data wrangling.
  3. Talend Data Quality:
    • Description: a comprehensive data quality solution that provides tools for profiling, cleaning, and enriching data.
    • Features: data standardization, de-duplication, validation, and enrichment capabilities.
    • Best for: enterprises needing a scalable solution that integrates well with big data environments and different data platforms.
  4. IBM Infosphere QualityStage:
    • Description: part of IBM's Infosphere suite, this tool focuses on data cleansing and quality management.
    • Features: data profiling, cleansing, matching, and monitoring. Supports large-scale data environments.
    • Best for: large enterprises with complex data integration and quality requirements.
  5. Microsoft Power Query:
    • Description: a data connection and transformation tool available in Excel and Power BI.
    • Features: data import, transformation, and integration with a variety of data sources.
    • Best for: organizations already using Microsoft products, offering a familiar interface and strong integration capabilities.
  6. Data Ladder:
    • Description: a data quality and cleansing tool designed to handle various data preparation tasks.
    • Features: data matching, cleansing, profiling, and enrichment. Supports real-time data processing.
    • Best for: enterprises looking for a versatile tool with strong data matching and de-duplication capabilities.
  7. Ataccama ONE:
    • Description: a unified data management platform with strong data quality and governance features.
    • Features: automated data profiling, cleansing, and enrichment, with AI-driven data quality insights.
    • Best for: enterprises needing a comprehensive data management solution with advanced AI capabilities.
  8. Informatica Data Quality:
    • Description: a robust data quality solution that helps ensure data is clean, standardized, and ready for AI ingestion.
    • Features: data profiling, cleansing, validation, and enrichment. Integrates well with Informatica's data integration tools.
    • Best for: large enterprises with extensive data integration and quality needs.

Data cleaning can be challenging, due to large volumes, varied formats, inconsistent entries, missing values, duplicate values, extreme values, errors, integration from multiple sources, and other factors.

Depending on the needs of a specific use case, some aspects of data cleaning can be done with tools (automated), but much of it often requires manual implementation. Even when data cleaning is automated, human oversight and review is imperative. 

About the author

Jacob Andra
Jacob Andra is the founder of Talbot West and a co-founder of The Institute for Cognitive Hive AI, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting Cognitive Hive AI (CHAI) as a superior architecture to monolithic AI models. Jacob serves on the board of 47G, a Utah-based public-private aerospace and defense consortium. He spends his time pushing the limits of what AI can accomplish, especially in high-stakes use cases. Jacob also writes and publishes extensively on the intersection of AI, enterprise, economics, and policy, covering topics such as explainability, responsible AI, gray zone warfare, and more.

Subscribe to our newsletter

Cutting-edge insights from in-the-trenches AI practicioners
Subscription Form

About us

Talbot West bridges the gap between AI developers and the average executive who's swamped by the rapidity of change. You don't need to be up to speed with RAG, know how to write an AI corporate governance framework, or be able to explain transformer architecture. That's what Talbot West is for. 

magnifiercrosschevron-downarrow-right linkedin facebook pinterest youtube rss twitter instagram facebook-blank rss-blank linkedin-blank pinterest youtube twitter instagram